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The Angry, Negative Spouse

Excessive anger is one of the major sources of marital and family stress. The recognition, understanding and resolution of this powerful emotion are important for the health and happiness of marriages, children, and families.

The impact of angry, turbulent marriage is substantial: for example, research demonstrated that unhappy marriages were a risk factor for depression and were associated with a 25 fold increase relative to troubled marriages. Similarly, researchers have found a 10-fold increase in risk for depressive symptoms associated with marital discord. Marital conflict and anger are also associated with increased blood pressure, impaired immune function, and a poorer prognosis for spouses with coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure.

In this section you will be asked to identify your anger and that of your spouse on our anger checklist. Then we encourage you to read the case studies which describe the resolution of anger through the use of forgiveness. Finally, you will learn how certain virtues and the role of faith can diminish the level of anger in your marriage and home.

Please rate your spouse and yourself on the following checklist which rates active or honest anger and passive-aggressive or masked, covert anger. Many spouses who vent their anger in passive-aggressive ways are highly skillful at acting as though they are not angry. In reality they struggle with powerful resentment which they attempt to mask and then express in ways in which they hope they will be able to fool others and not be identified as being angry.

Anger Checklist

Please rate anger as follows: mild anger - 1 moderate anger - 2 severe anger - 3

Active Marital Anger

Mild

Irritable
Excessive quarreling or arguing
Impatient
Frequently frustrated
Frequently annoyed

Moderate

Lies
Overly aggressive & antagonistic
Sarcasm
Excessively competitive
Bullying of others
Jealous
Chronic violation of rules at work
Callous
Hostile
Excessive swearing
Overly critical
Rude
Tries to ruin someone’s reputation
Quits jobs regularly
Negative

Severe

Verbally abusive
Stealing and forgery
Arrest record
Violent acts against people, property, or oneself
Threats of violence
Repeated drunkenness
Excessive recklessness
Fire setting
Disregard for other’s safety

Active Anger Total:

Passive-Aggressive Marital Anger

Mild

Always late/leaves early
Deliberately sloppy
Uncooperative attitude
Acts forgetful
Procrastinates - deliberately puts things off
Twists the truth
Refuses to do what is reasonably expected
Door banging
Withdrawn
Deliberately slow
Pretends not to hear or see
Walks out on people
Refuses to listen
Manipulative
Rehashes the past

Moderate

Refuses to clean the home or oneself
Acts sick or helpless
Overly stubborn
Withholds support
Works markedly below one's ability
Impulsive - failure to plan ahead
Deliberately avoid or ignore someone
Refuses to function as a responsible parent or spouse
Distances others
Always negative
Refuses to praise or compliment
Deliberately makes mistakes
Silent treatment
Won’t communicate
Absenteeism in work
Refuses to be responsible
Refuses to work regularly
Enjoys seeing people become upset
Divisive

Severe

Refuses to eat
Doesn’t receive love
Deliberately fails at work
Refuses to take care of a serious health problem
Withhold love from a spouse
Failure to attend to the needs of the spouse or children
Avoids intimacy
Undermine childrens’ trust/respect for spouse or other important relatives/friends
Deliberately tries to be sick
Always in victim role
Failure to pay bills
Con-artist
False accusations
Neglect of the home

Passive Anger Total:

Anger in Marriages

Appropriate vs. Excessive/Misdirected Anger

In order to prevent serious conflicts in marital relationships, it is essential to determine whether existing anger is appropriate, excessive, or misdirected. To make this distinction, it is essential that the spouses understand the nature of anger and develop the ability to express honestly disappointments and stresses which lead to angry toward a spouse in a healthy manner.

Just as there are two types of lipoproteins in the body, one of which is healthy (high density) and one which is damaging (low density), so there are two basic types of anger in marital relationships -one healthy (appropriate anger) and one damaging (inappropriate or misdirected anger). For the health of the marriage, it is essential that the excessive anger be eliminated.

Certain considerations can assist the spouses when conflicts arise in the home. After experiencing anger, the spouse who expressed anger or the recipient of the anger should try to determine whether the emotion is deserved and appropriate or whether it might be exaggerated. Distinguishing between these two different, yet similar, types of anger is critical because each calls for an entirely different response. The response to appropriate anger may be an apology or the effort to be more sensitive to the partner in the future.

The process of distinguishing appropriate and misdirected anger requires a deep understanding of oneself and one’s spouse as well as patience and wisdom and may entail help from close friends. It is important to look for the truth in what a spouse is saying. Spouses, who regularly overreact or misdirect their anger, tend to blame their spouse for the painful feelings they experience. Overreacting spouses usually are unwilling to examine how they themselves contribute to the marital difficulties. Some seem to take a certain pleasure in criticizing their spouses and have difficulty making an apology. They do not admit that they overreact and there can be a stubborn refusal to consider that they, too, may have unresolved family of origin or other conflicts.

Understanding

Forgiveness is possible through a process of attempting to understand the emotional development of one’s spouse. As this occurs, there is growing awareness that a spouse’s behavior can be attributed to their emotional scars, that the spouse loved as much as he/she was capable of loving, and that rarely was the pain deliberately inflicted. Also, the process of forgiveness enhances the ability to understand a spouse’s behaviors because anger decreases.

Immediate Forgiveness Exercises

When one feels anger toward a spouse, the immediate expression of this anger can be damaging to the marital relationship. Instead of giving in quickly to the expression of anger, we recommend that the angry spouse try to inwardly reflect a number of times, “I want to understand and forgive” or “I want to forgive and love” until the anger demises. This exercise, which we refer to as an immediate forgiveness exercise, should decrease slowly the degree of anger. Only after the angry feelings subside, should the spouse try to communicate. We also recommend the same inner understanding and forgiving exercise when angry with children.

Many of you may believe that neither you nor your spouse could grow in the virtue of forgiveness to such a degree that you would be able to control your anger in this manner. However, if you work on immediate forgiveness exercises, you will find yourself giving less quickly to the expression of anger toward your spouse. Then, when you try to communicate the reason for your anger, your spouse may be more receptive and less defensive because a discussion can occur without the excessive expression of anger.

The spouse’s faith can be helpful also in gaining rapid control of angry feelings. Individuals report that giving their anger immediately to the Lord is helpful. Spouses also discover that giving to the Lord when angry their ultra-sensitivity, selfishness, need for control, impatience or conflict over accepting crosses to be effective in diminishing their resentment.

Clinical experience indicates that in a marriage each partner has some degree of buried anger that they bring to the relationship. The resolution of anger from different stages of life is essential and can be accomplished through the use of forgiveness.

Past Forgiveness Exercises

Unfortunately, some spouses have the mistaken idea that expression of anger is always healthy for the relationship, but this emotion can quickly get out of control. Actually, many spouses overreact in anger because of the failure to resolve resentment from past hurts with their spouse, from the family of origin hurts with a parent, or from other important relationships. Such resentment is regularly released under certain types of stress and pressures and can be misdirected at the person one deeply loves.

Some people blame excessively and exclusively their spouse for their anger. This is especially the case when there has been childhood emotional trauma with parents. This problem can be worked through by helping the spouses understand the degree to which their emotional needs were not met by parents or other significant people from the present or the past.

We expect all spouses to be able to identify a number of areas in which they felt disappointment with each parent and to spend time forgiving their parents at different developmental stages. Although there is resistance to this initially, it is a basic aspect of the forgiveness process. We relate that their was only one perfect family and that we all have gifts but also disappointments and weaknesses from our parents.

The most common sources of anger which spouses bring into their marriage in our clinical experience are from the father relationship, from dating relationships in which they were deeply hurt or used as a sexual object and from divorce.

At marital conferences a question frequently asked by wives is how they can help their husbands with their anger and temper which they believe to originate from unresolved conflicts with their husbands’ fathers. We encourage these women relate to their husbands that forgiving those in their past has helped them and that their husbands might also benefit from forgiving their fathers for past hurts.

Many women whose fathers left the family, had substance abuse disorder or were selfish also help their marriages and families by picturing themselves as girls and teenagers and thinking, "I want to understand and forgive my father for all the ways in which he hurt me, my mother and the family and in which he has damaged my ability to trust my husband."

Finally, we believe much marital conflict could be prevented if past forgiveness exercises for family of origin and dating relationship hurts were part of the Church’s premarital programs.

Goal - Decrease or End the Expression of Anger in the Marriage

The daily exercise of virtues should enable spouses to gain mastery over their anger and other emotions. In his first encyclical, The Redeemer of Man, Pope John Paul II wrote that mastery over oneself is essential to self-giving. This self-giving then is necessary for marital happiness.

Couples are often motivated to stop expressing anger toward one another because of the ways in which this emotion damages their children. The expression of anger between a husband and wife harms children in numerous ways including:

a fear parents will divorce or separate
loss of a safe feeling in the home
psychosomatic disorders including irritable bowel and headaches
sadness and anxiety disorders
loss of trust in parents
a belief that parents don’t really care for them
a modeling and repetition of parental angry behaviors.

The expression of anger between husband and wife also hurts them and their marriage in the following ways:

damages the safe feeling/trust
makes one fearful of self-giving and of receiving love
introduces a fear of being hurt
results in a spouse being distant
leads to sadness, loneliness and anxiety
wounds the sense of being a gifted person and a gift to one's spouse
weakens self-giving to children
increases sexual temptations
contributes to drinking, gambling and other compulsive behaviors.

The daily use of immediate and past forgiveness exercises, coupled with the growth in other virtues, regularly enables couples to protect their marriage and children by ending the expression of damaging anger in the home. Most couples come to recognize in the challenging healing process that their previous expression of anger was a sign of emotional immaturity.

Progress in Forgiveness

There are specific indicators that one has made progress in forgiveness. These include a decreased feeling of anger, a lessening of anxiety, a feeling of compassion for a spouse or those who have inflicted the hurt, and a greater acceptance of one’s past hurts. Finally, as the past has less and less control over the present, there is greater trust and love in the marital relationship.

If the someone is forgiving a spouse and the anger is not decreasing, this may indicate an unconscious association with another else from the past who hurt them in a similar way or a misplacement of their anger. Also, patience may be needed because of the degree of anger which is present or it may be necessary for a period of time to avoid the person from the past one is trying to forgive.

Common Sources of Anger

The following are some of the most common causes of excessive anger in marriages. Please try to identify those which apply to you and to your spouse.

Unjust hurts/disappointments with parents
Unjust hurts/disappointments with spouse
Hurts in earlier dating, sibling or peer relationships
Hurts with in-laws
Loneliness/sadness from any life stage
Selfishness
Fear and worries
The need to control
Insecurities/lack of confidence
Excessive sense of responsibility/burdens
Financial and other worries
Inappropriate expectations
Guilt
Loss of trust
Lack of sleep
Medical illnesses
Alcohol and drugs
Work conflicts
Excessive television/movie/sports watching
Unemployment
Sexual utilitarian philosophy
Jealousy
Home office
Post abortion conflicts

Causes of Anger Total:

The following case studies on dealing with the angry spouse are taken from Helping Clients Forgive: An Empirical Guide for Resolving Anger and Restoring Hope. Forgiveness helps to resolve anger from each life stage, protects marital love, and strengthens the ability be loving and giving.

The Angry Husband

Carmen and Javier had a stormy thirteen year marital relationship during which they had several separations. In spite of their intense emotional battles, they had a deep love for one another and for their two children. Javier had an explosive temper and in times of stress would be exceptionally critical of his wife. He had been verbally abusive for years and recently had been physically abusive. Carmen responded by obtaining a protection-from-abuse order from the courts which prohibited him from coming into the house for one year. This order motivated Javier to honestly face his excessive anger.

The family histories revealed that each spouse had had extremely difficult experiences with the parent of the same sex. Javier’s father and Carmens mother were both quite angry and domineering toward their spouses and their children. Javier's father was much more demeaning toward his wife than Carmen’s mother had been toward her father. However, as a teenager, Carmen would regularly ask her father why he tolerated such abusive treatment from her mother and would suggest that he leave her.

Javier was highly resistant about examining ways in which he was acting like his hostile father, instead wanting to blame his wife for all the marital stress. Also, as a result of his experiences with his father he was insecure, and used his rage to boost a weak masculine identity. In view of these conflicts the approach taken was to suggest that each of them had failed to resolve their childhood and adolescent anger with the parent of the same sex. Each was asked to think about modeling after the parent of the opposite sex, both of whom were kind and sensitive people.

The course of treatment was difficult and Javier periodically had great difficulty controlling his anger in the sessions. At that point he was advised by the therapist to stop acting like his father and cautioned that unless he could get his temper under control, he might not be allowed to move back into the family. Carmen’s major motivation for reconciliation, besides her love for Javier, was that her thirteen-year-old daughter treated her as Javier did. This was painful for her because, in view of the terrible relationship she had with her mother, she had always wanted to have a close relationship with her daughter. Carmen hoped that if Javier could learn to overcome his bad temper and treat her in a more loving manner that her daughter might model such behavior.

Javier began the work of forgiveness because he wanted his marriage to work and he wanted to move back with his family. The pressure of painful loneliness resulted in a lessening of his defenses. He hit bottom living by himself in an apartment, as he began to face how badly his father had treated his mother. He realized he was unconsciously repeating that behavior toward his wife. Then he began to follow written forgiveness instructions given by the therapist which stated that he should imagine himself as a boy and teenager telling his father that he wanted to be loyal to his good qualities, but not his anger and that he wanted to forgive his father for ways in which he had hurt him and his mother with his hostility. His work of forgiveness proceeded slowly and on some days he slipped back into acting like his angry, critical father. It took approximately six months of hard work before Javier could deal with his anger in an appropriate manner. Because Javier had relied upon anger as a defense against his feelings of insecurity, cognitive-behavioral therapy also was used to build his self-esteem. As his confidence improved, he had less need of anger to bolster his masculine identity.

Finally, Carmen and Javier were asked to forgive the offending in-laws since both harbored powerful anger and resentment against them for what they viewed as intrusive and critical behaviors. The resolution of their excessive anger through the use of forgiveness over an 18 month course of therapy strengthened their marital love and trust. There were fewer episodes of excessive anger; when they erupted, they were resolved in a rapid and effective manner.

The Angry Wife

Kareena is a 35 year-old-married mother of three who came into therapy because of her periodic episodes of explosive rage. She related a long history of marital conflict. During the arguments, which Kareena often initiated, she would verbally, and, at times, physically abuse her husband, Dennis. Kareena’s motivation for entering therapy was that her oldest child, a seven- year-old-boy, Brian, was manifesting uncontrollable anger episodes toward his siblings, parents, and peers. She felt guilty about his behavior, believing she was responsible for it.

Kareena was the oldest of four children and had been in the parental role from an early age. She had little emotional support from her mother and was subjected to abusive behavior from her alcoholic father. She thought that the awareness of her anger with an alcoholic father was sufficient to control the emotion in her own life. She came to recognize, however, that she had buried a great deal of anger with each parent and that in times of stress, in particular, she was repeating her fathers worst behaviors. Also, she came to understand that, at times, her anger was used as a defense to keep her husband at a distance because she feared that he would betray her as her father had.

Kareena had no knowledge of how to deal with her anger other than through expression. In the first several sessions she was asked to think about the possibility of understanding and forgiving before she expressed her anger. Then she was asked to think daily about forgiving each parent for how they had hurt her. In the evening after the first session Kareena called her therapist and was upset and guilty because she had just verbally and physically abused her husband. She related remorsefully that she had just learned in therapy about employing forgiveness for her rage, but had not been able to apply it.

Once she understood the process of forgiveness she decided to begin immediately by working to break the negative influence which the anger with her father had over her marriage and family life. Kareena tried daily to understand her fathers behavior as the result of his childhood experiences with an alcoholic father and came to appreciate more the emotionally wounded and probably abused little boy within her father. As this reframing and understanding increased she grew in her ability to forgive him for all the hurts of childhood and adolescence. However, in this process she discovered that she had buried violent impulses toward him. In the early phases of therapy she had no desire to forgive him and was quite angry, even though intellectually she was making a decision to forgive him. Kareena was also given a serotonin re-uptake inhibitor to help diminish her anger attacks.

Over a period of several months there was a significant decrease in her angry behavior. Also, she grew to accept the pain of her family background and to appreciate that in spite of that suffering she was fortunate to be in a good marriage and to feel basically positive about her life. At the same time her son was participating in therapy in the same practice and experienced a diminishment in his anger. In the deepening phase the quality of the marital and family life increased significantly. The children were no longer exposed to damaging behavior from their mother. Kareena was pleased that she had learned of a way to resolve her anger from the past and to control her excessive anger in daily life.

Passive-Aggressive Anger in Marriages

In many marriages the major method through which anger is expressed is in a passive-aggressive manner. Here the spouse pretends that he or she is not angry while at the same time acts passively to vent anger in a covert way toward the partner. Many individuals of this type try to portray themselves as understanding and loving while at the same time expressing their anger in a veiled manner. The most painful way in which passive- aggressive anger is expressed in the marriages is by withholding love and by refusing to give in a supportive manner.

Frequently, the victim of passive aggressive anger is unaware that he or she is on the receiving end of clandestine resentment. The victim of this resentment often reports feelings of anxiety, sadness, anger, and various psychosomatic symptoms. Because the victim is seen as frustrated and irritable, that person may be wrongly identified by others as the angrier partner. Meanwhile the passive-aggressive spouse tries to paint a self-portrait of a calm and relaxed person.

Passive aggressive anger can be difficult to identify and there may be major resistance on the part of the offender in admitting the release of resentment in this manner. One way in which this type of passive resentment can be recognized is through reviewing with spouses the common ways in which passive aggressive anger is expressed in marriages.

The uncovering phase can be extremely difficult because the individuals can be highly defensive and manipulative. They are often reluctant to admit that they are expressing resentment through passive behaviors. In spite of this resistance, such clients are asked to engage in a cognitive forgiveness exercise based on the history of childhood hurts.. For example, the individual may be asked to forgive a controlling or selfish parent. Many spouses have never resolved anger with a selfish parent who abandoned the family. Then, unconsciously, they misdirect the anger at a spouse by acting in irresponsible, unsupportive and insensitive ways. Cognitive forgiveness exercises of such a parent can result in the diminishment of the anger, especially when the passive-aggressive behaviors clearly identified as such.

There are some spouses who will not forgive because they enjoy using their passive aggressive anger to both control and distance their partner or because they find pleasure in rebelling in a passive manner. Some of these marital cases have resulted in separation and divorce because of the refusal to part with the anger.

The Benefits of Forgiveness in Marriage and Family Life Include:

greater ability to love and to praise
fewer marital quarrels
an ability to bring anger quickly under control
protection of the marriage and children from the negative effects of anger
decreased levels of anger in the marriage and home
less sadness and anxiety in the home
increased marital happiness and hope
enhanced confidence in spouses and children
breaking the control of others who inflicted pain in the past
forgetting past hurts
enhanced work and school performance
helping to resolve negative parental behavioral/emotional patterns
resolving the excessive anger associated with emotional conflicts

Further information on the process of forgiveness can be found on the section on the depressed/sad spouse.

Difficulties in Marital Forgiveness

A significant conflict can arise in resolving marital anger when a spouse continues to inflict hurts and pain and is not motivated to change. The following ongoing behaviors contribute to this difficulty:

controlling behaviors
irresponsible behaviors
selfish behaviors
manipulative behaviors
emotionally distant behaviors
addictive behavior
insensitive behaviors.

When someone is unable to think or feel like forgiving their spouse, the anger can diminish by the use of a spiritual forgiveness exercise. Here the spouse can reflect, “God forgive my spouse” or “Lord take my anger” or “Revenge belongs to God.”

Many spouses report that the use of spiritual forgiveness exercises help them resolve their anger and cope with their emotional and marital stress, while they are working on trying to improve their marriages.

Asking a Spouse for Forgiveness

Marital friendships often improve when spouses humbly request forgiveness for hurts and insensitivities. Since most of us overreact emotionally, a request for forgiveness for controlling, selfish, angry or emotionally distant behaviors is completely reasonable and appropriate. When the spouse tries to understand and to forgive, anger diminishes, trust increases and with it increased emotional closeness. Also, the marital memory is purified. The purification of the marital memory by removing anger and guilt results in a diminished likelihood of overreacting in anger toward one's spouse in the future. The request for spousal forgivenes protects the marital friendship and love when used regularly. If you haven't tried it in your marriage, I request that you consider doing so...soon!

Anger Outbursts and Attacks

Angry outbursts in the home can be damaging to the health of a marriage and of children. The explosive spouse is often unaware of the cause of the anger and may be surprised by the intensity of the emotional response. While a number of the factors which influence marital anger, cited earlier in this chapter, may play a role here, the most common cause of this conflict is due to modeling after a parent who had similar angry outbursts.

We have worked with many married men who were committed early in their marriage not to repeat their father’s bad tempers, only to find themselves in their late 30s or early 40s responding as their fathers did. This type of overreaction is covered also in the parental legacies chapter.

Briefly, healing can occur by a daily commitment to forgive the angry parent and to repeat the good qualities of a parent, but not the weaknesses. In addition, in those with strong faith, the spouse can meditate upon asking the Lord to heal this parental weakness or can admit powerless over this conflict and then turn it over to God on a daily basis.

Doctors at Massachusetts General Hospital first described intensely angry episodes which have been termed anger attacks. They manifest as:

irritability during the previous six months
overreaction to minor annoyances
occurrence of at least one anger attack during the previous month
experience during one of the attacks of at least four of the following: rapid heart beat, hot flashes, chest tightness, feelings of numbness, dizziness, shortness of breath, swearing, trembling, panic, feeling out of control, feeling a desire to attack others, physical or verbal abuse, and throwing or destroying objects (M.Fava et al., 1991).

Relationship Between Anger and Depression

A number of studies are demonstrating that the earlier belief that depression is anger turned inward is inaccurate. This research is important because under this old theory many depressed people were encouraged to express their anger in an attempt to resolve their feelings of sadness.

What the new reserach is showing is that individuals who express anger excessively, such as in anger attacks, are more depressed than those who do not overreact in anger. Also, most depressed patients have significant amounts of anger before any treatment begins. Here are some of these findings:

In a study of anger attacks at two sites, 67% of patients with depression met the criteria for anger attacks (R.A. Gould, 1996)
the greater the degree of sadness (depression), the greater the anger
a patient who scored at the 75th percentile on the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI; a score of 22) was 3.2 times more likely to have anger attacks than a patient who scored at the 25th percentile (a score of 8)
also, patients with anger attacks were significantly more depressed than patients without such attacks

The diagram below presents our view of the relationship between sadness and anger. The greater the degree of sadness or the greater the character weakness, such as selfishness, the greater the level of anger. Also, this diagram helps in understanding why the use of forgiveness decreases feelings of sadness. Anger encapsulates sadness and as forgiveness resolves this anger, the feelings of sadness decrease. The regular expression of anger will only further intensify the person’s amount of anger and harden the anger/sadness complex. On the other hand the regular use of forgiveness in spouses will decrease the level of sadness in a marriage.

Hurts and losses lead to sadness which is encapsulated by anger

Medication Consultation

A medical evaluation should be considered whenever anger attacks or other intense expressions of anger occur in a marriage. Medications such as Prozac and Zoloft (SSRIs) have been demonstrated to decrease markedly such emotional overreactions in conjunction with forgiveness exercises.

Virtues which Decrease Anger

In Character Strengths and Virtues, 2004, Oxford University Press and American Psychological Association, Dr. Chris Peterson of the University of Michigan and Dr. Marty Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania describe the numerous benefits from the development of virtues. Over almost 30 years I have seen growth in the following virtues to be very beneficial in diminishing marital anger:

understanding
compassion
patience
generosity
gentleness
love
trust
chastity
detachment
temperance
faith
humility.

The Role of Faith in Decreasing Anger

The spiritual life can be facilitate the growth in the theological virtues of faith, hope and love and in the cardinal virtues of prudence, temperance, fortitude and justice all of which can protect a person from overreacting in anger in marriage and family life.

Many Catholics report a diminishment in their anger through the graces they experience in the sacraments of reconciliation and of the Eucharist. Also, others report relief from intense anger in their marriage by giving it to the Lord several times daily while they work on their marital conflicts.

Parental anger toward children

When a parent feels angry toward a child, the immediate expression of this anger can be harmful, especially if it is excessive. Instead of giving in quickly to the expression of anger, we recommend that a parent when angry with a child try to inwardly reflect a number of times, "I want to understand, forgive, and love" or "I want to be patient." This immediate forgiveness exercise usually diminishes anger. Communication to child ideally should occur only after the angry feelings subside. If a parent works on the described immediate forgiveness's exercise, correction then can be given to a child in an appropriate manner without excessive anger which can harm a child. When a correction is given in a gentle manner, the child feels safe and is more receptive to receiving constructive criticism. Parents also need to be careful that they do not humiliate a child when giving a correction.

When parents overreact in anger, a number of emotional responses can occur in children including fear, anxiety, guilt, shame, sadness, strong feelings of inadequacy and intense anger. The physical responses to anger often include muscle spasms, headaches, irritable bowel, nausea or diarrhea and weight gain. Also, excessive anger toward children can seriously harm the trust in the child-parent relationship. Parents have a serious responsibility to protect the trust or ability of their children to feel safe since it is the foundation for all relationships.

The common reasons for parental overreactions in anger toward children include:

stress from numerous responsibilites and demands
selfishness
repetition of a parent's angry and negative behaviors
misdirection of anger meant for those at work or for a spouse
a tendency to control
failure to forgive for past disappointments
weakness in trusting
perfectionistic tendencies
substance abuse .

The most common conflict leading to overreactions in anger in fathers in our clinical esperience is the repitition of their father's angry, critical behaviors and in women it is the repitition of a parent's controlling behaviors. The parental legacies chapter describes how one can break these negative parental legacies and then significantly improve the parent-child relationship.

The wisdom that St. John Bosco expressed to his colleagues in regard to their ministry with troubled young males can guide parents also in the correction of their children. He stated, "There must be no hostility in our minds, no contempt in our eyes, no insult on our lips. We must use mercy for the present and have hope for the future, as is fitting for true fathers who are eager for real correction and improvement."

Asking a child for forgiveness

After an overreaction in anger, the child can be helped by the parent apologizing and even explaining the reason for his/her behavior. The parental request for forgiveness of a child is not easy and requires a great deal of wisdom, humility and courage.

After a request for forgiveness, the parent should request that the child respond to a request for forgiveness by stating, "I want to forgive you" or "I do forgive you."

If overreactions in anger continue, then therapy should seriously be considered. If the angry parent refuses to seek help, then the other parent should try to understand the causes of the anger, clearly identify them, ask the spouse to work on these weaknesses in order to protect a child from inappropriate and harmful anger.

Important Concepts About Anger

The following are important concepts about anger.

The Nature of Anger

Anger is:

Strong feeling of displeasure and antagonism
Aroused by a sense of injury or wrong/lack of virtue
Initially associated with a feeling of sadness
Later associated with pleasure at the thought of revenge
An indicator at times of unresolved conflicts in a relationship

The Development of Anger

Hurts and losses lead to sadness which is encapsulated by anger

Unjust hurts and losses cause sadness, which becomes wrapped by anger
Excessive anger arises from the following character weaknesses:

selfishness
modeling after an angry parent
the need to control
pride
impatience
laziness

Anger Prevalence

one half of 1300 people had moderate to severe anger before treatment began
the level of anger was comparable to the levels of depression and anxiety
twenty-five percent of the people had committed aggressive acts in the previous week.

(Posternak MA, Zimmerman M (2002): Anger and aggression in psychiatric outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 63:665-672.)

Three Methods of Dealing with Anger

Denial

Repression - unconscious
Suppression - conscious

Expression
Forgiveness

Two Ways of Expressing Anger

Active: honestly
Passive-aggressive: sneaky

Types of Expressed Anger

Appropriate - to a certain hurt
Excessive - an overreaction due to significant unresolved anger with the offender
Misdirected - misplacement of anger toward one who does not deserve it. This type of anger is one of the most common causes of serious marital difficulties. Its cause is often the failure to resolve anger with parents or from other significant relationships.

Victims of Misdirected Anger

Spouse
Children
Other family members
Neighbors
Peers
Society
The Church/God (see Faith of the Fatherless: The Psychology of Atheism)

The Journey of Anger

May be denied for weeks, months, years or decades
Later may be misdirected, especially at loved ones
Not fully resolved until a decision is made to forgive

Defensive Functions of Anger

Anger is used by many spouses as a defense against their feelings of -

Sadness
Lack of confidence
Mistrust/fear of betrayal
Guilt

Danger of Relying upon the Expression of Anger

It does not resolve anger because most couples have so much denied anger which they have unconsciously brought into their relationship
It harms loving relationships and leaves memories which are difficult to forget.
It creates mistrust, the loss of a safe feeling, anxiety and tension.
It harms one physically and emotionally.

Evaluate your anger

Finally, consider rating your anger on another measure, the Fitzgibbons Anger Inventory, which we have been using for almost 20 years. Please answer by identifying the appropriate number using this scale on the following anger checklist:

0 - Never | 1 - Very Little | 2 - Moderately Often | 3 - Very Often

Are you irritable at work, school, or home?